Internet of Things (IoT)
Physical objects with sensors and network connections that collect, send and receive data.
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Articles by level
This list is not complete and has no required order. Pick the articles you need at the level that suits you.
Starter
13 articlesViewed 0/13
StarterWhat Is the Internet of Things?
What the Internet of Things (IoT) is, why people connect objects to a network and what limits small connected devices have. A first article for beginners.
4 min read
StarterHow Do IoT Devices Connect to One Another?
How IoT devices talk to each other directly, send data to the cloud or go through a gateway. A beginner's guide to the ways devices connect.
4 min read
StarterWhere Do We Encounter IoT Sensors?
Where IoT sensors turn up around us: in the home, on farms, in healthcare and in cities. A first article for complete beginners.
4 min read
StarterExplore an IoT Actuator Through an Example
Explore control signals, energy sources and motion mechanisms through an example of an IoT actuator.
4 min read
StarterWhy Does the IoT Microcontroller Matter?
What a microcontroller is, where it sits in an IoT device and why its small memory and limited power make it matter. A first article for beginners.
3 min read
StarterHow Do Voltage and Current Differ?
Tell voltage, current and resistance apart with a water-tank picture, see why a circuit must be a closed loop and how Ohm's law links the three.
4 min read
StarterOverview of IoT System Architecture
An overview of an IoT system: devices that sense and act, an intermediary layer for messages, and where the data is processed, viewed and combined.
4 min read
StarterOverview of Basic Electronic Components
An overview of resistors, capacitors, diodes, LEDs and transistors: what each part does in a circuit and why IoT devices need them.
4 min read
StarterOverview of Digital Signals and Pulses
An overview of analog and digital signals, high and low logic levels, PWM pulses with duty cycle, and counting pulse edges.
4 min read
StarterOverview of UART, RS-485 and Modbus RTU
An overview of three layers of serial communication: UART frames the data, RS-485 carries differential signals far, and Modbus RTU asks by address.
4 min read
StarterOverview of ESP32, Arduino and Other Boards
An overview of ESP32 and Arduino boards and how to choose by connectivity, voltage, power and microcontroller.
4 min read
StarterOverview of Firmware and IoT Networking
An overview of IoT firmware, the setup and loop cycle, how MQTT sends messages over a network, and security guidance published by NIST.
4 min read
StarterWhich Wireless Links Do Drones Use for Commands and Data?
Compare telemetry radios, Wi-Fi and cellular service, then trace command and status paths between a ground station and a drone.
7 min read
Basic
17 articlesViewed 0/17
BasicHow Does a Resistor Control Current?
A resistor limits current, divides voltage and holds an input at a clear level; this article covers series, parallel and the pull-up resistor for a button.
4 min read
BasicHow Does a Capacitor Charge and Filter Noise?
A capacitor is two metal plates and an insulator that charges and discharges energy, and sits near a chip to calm noise on the power line.
4 min read
BasicHow Do Diodes and LEDs Conduct Current?
A diode mainly conducts in the forward direction and needs forward voltage to conduct significantly; an LED emits light and needs current limiting.
4 min read
BasicHow Does a BJT Switch and Amplify Signals?
A BJT has collector, base and emitter pins; a small current at the base steers a larger one, so it works as an electronic switch or a signal amplifier.
4 min read
BasicHow Does a MOSFET Control a Load?
Learn how gate-to-source voltage controls a MOSFET, its common terminals, and enhancement and depletion modes.
4 min read
BasicHow Do LDO and Buck Regulators Work?
An LDO lowers voltage with an always-conducting transistor and sheds heat; a buck converter switches through an inductor. See how duty cycle sets output.
4 min read
BasicHow Does GPIO Read Buttons and Count Pulses?
GPIO pins are the simple inputs and outputs of a microcontroller. See how they read a button with a pull-up resistor and how a pulse counter tallies edges.
4 min read
BasicHow Does UART Transmit a Byte?
UART sends serial data without an external clock. See the TX and RX pins, the frame of start, data and stop bits, and what the baud rate means.
4 min read
BasicHow Does RS-485 Transmit Differential Signals?
RS-485 sends signals over two wires and compares the voltage between them, so it resists noise, reaches far and lets many devices share one line.
4 min read
BasicHow Does Modbus RTU Exchange Data?
Modbus RTU works by request and response between a master and slaves. See addresses, function codes, error checks and how frames are split by silent gaps.
4 min read
BasicHow Does an ESP32 Board Run and Communicate?
An ESP32 board pairs an ESP32 module with a USB port and pin headers. See its parts, how firmware is loaded over serial, and its Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
4 min read
BasicHow Does Arduino Run setup and loop?
An Arduino sketch has two functions: setup runs once and loop repeats forever. See the run order, why loop never pauses and what delay does.
4 min read
BasicHow Does MQTT Route Messages Through a Broker?
MQTT is a publish and subscribe protocol: a broker takes messages by topic and passes them to subscribers. Covers topics, wildcards and three QoS levels.
4 min read
BasicHow Does MAVLink Carry a Command to a Flight Controller?
Follow how MAVLink sends commands, receives ACKs and separates protocol acknowledgement from task completion.
6 min read
BasicHow Do PX4 and ArduPilot Differ?
Compare PX4 and ArduPilot by architecture, hardware, simulation tools and project requirements.
6 min read
BasicHow Do You Connect Cameras to Pi, Jetson and ESP32-CAM?
Trace image data from sensor through driver to application and compare checks for Pi, Jetson and ESP32-CAM.
6 min read
BasicHow Do Video Compression and RTSP or WebRTC Streaming Work?
Trace video compression and distinguish the roles of codecs, RTSP, RTP and WebRTC.
6 min read
Intermediate
10 articlesViewed 0/10
IntermediateHow Does a Companion Computer Link to a Flight Controller?
Trace serial or Ethernet connections, bidirectional protocols and signals that reveal command results or link loss.
6 min read
IntermediateHow Does Offboard Software Send Flight Commands?
Understand offboard states, setpoint streams, mode feedback and how to check a timeout in simulation.
6 min read
IntermediateHow Do Video Latency and Bandwidth Affect Remote Control?
Break video latency into stages, connect bitrate to bandwidth and interpret measurements at stated boundaries.
6 min read
IntermediateWhat Does a Smart Desktop Clock Need?
Plan an LCD desk clock with Wi-Fi, local weather and a rechargeable battery, with clear component roles and a manageable firmware design.
7 min read
IntermediateChoosing an LCD and Large Clock Characters
Compare LCD lighting modes, character size and display profiles for a compact desk clock or a large face read from a chair or bed.
7 min read
IntermediateInternet Time and Local Weather for a Clock
Synchronize time, select and store a location, and handle stale weather without confusing outdoor conditions with room temperature.
7 min read
IntermediateUSB, Rechargeable Power and LCD Clock Runtime
Budget energy for an LCD clock, distinguish charging from power-path control, and measure lighting, networking and sleep costs.
7 min read
IntermediateWriting Simple Clock Firmware with Arduino
Design clock firmware with button menus, saved alarms and OTA updates, including network failures, image verification and recovery.
14 min read
IntermediateTesting an LCD Clock Before Enclosure Design
Test clock time, alarms, button menus, OTA and power transitions; check settings recovery, readability and energy before enclosure design.
9 min read
IntermediateHow Does a Robot Return Home When Its Link Drops?
How a mopping robot spots a lost link, stops its pump, finds the dock without a controller and rejoins: the states, failure cases and tests.
7 min read
Advanced
0 articlesNo article at this level yet. New ones are added over time.